{"id":5114,"date":"2025-03-05T17:13:30","date_gmt":"2025-03-05T16:13:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/?page_id=5114"},"modified":"2026-01-06T09:32:07","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T08:32:07","slug":"courageous2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/projects\/courageous2\/","title":{"rendered":"COURAGEOUS\u00b2"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-811868 kc_row\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-613149 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-604262\" style=\"height: 20px; clear: both; width:100%;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-443093 kc_row\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-815081 kc_col-sm-3 kc_column kc_col-sm-3\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-488093 kc_shortcode kc_single_image\">\n\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/IMG20240423152903-EFFECTSb.jpg\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" \/>    <\/div>\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-607204 kc-raw-code\">  <script>\n    window.addEventListener(\"load\", () => {\n      mastodonFeedLoad(\n        \"https:\/\/social.rma.ac.be\/api\/v1\/timelines\/tag\/ISF_COURAGEOUS2\",\n        \"include-mastodon-feed-69e16ba6b534b\",\n        {\n          linkTarget: \"_self\",\n          showPreviewCards: true,\n          excludeConversationStarters: false,\n          excludeTags: \"\",\n          content: {\n            hideStatusMeta: false,\n            hideDateTime: false          },\n          images: {\n            preserveImageAspectRatio: false,\n            size: \"preview\",\n            link: \"status\",\n          },\n          text: {\n            boosted: \"boosted \ud83d\ude80\",\n            noStatuses: \"No statuses available\",\n            viewOnInstance: \"view on instance\",\n            showContent: \"Show content\",\n            permalinkPre: \"on\",\n            permalinkPost: \"\",\n            edited: \"(edited)\",\n          },\n          localization: {\n            date: {\n              locale: \"en-US\",\n              options: {},\n            }\n          }\n        }\n      );\n    });\n  <\/script>\n  <div class=\"include-mastodon-feed-wrapper\"><ol class=\"include-mastodon-feed\" id=\"include-mastodon-feed-69e16ba6b534b\"><li>Loading Mastodon feed...<\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-473832 kc_col-sm-6 kc_column kc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-828800 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<p>With the increasing accessibility of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) or drones, law enforcement agencies are faced with the new challenge of regulating access to the lower airspace and mitigating potential threats. To tackle this issue, the European Commission has initiated a communication to the Council and the European Parliament regarding the mitigation of potential threats posed by drones. The main goal of COURAGEOUS\u00b2 is to assist DG-HOME in implementing this communication. This policy brief outlines specific action points identified by DG-HOME to address the escalating concerns associated with non-cooperative drones.<\/p>\n<p>In order to implement these action points, COURAGEOUS\u00b2 will leverage the outcomes of the <a href=\"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/projects\/isf-courageous\/\">COURAGEOUS project<\/a> that paved the way towards a standard test methodology for counter-drone systems in order to gain a better common understanding by EU Law Enforcement Agencies of the performance of counter-drone solutions. The COURAGEOUS\u00b2 project is a direct extension of this former <a href=\"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/projects\/isf-courageous\/\">COURAGEOUS project<\/a>, with a reinforced consortium consisting of not less than 9 Law Enforcement Agencies with relevant operational experience in C-UAS operations from the Netherlands, Spain, Romania, Belgium, Sweden, Finland, Greece, Estonia and INTERPOL, complemented with academic, RTO &#038; private partners with expertise in specific domains of the project.<\/p>\n<p>The project will focus on the following main activities:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Community building, engaging with end-users, the C-UAS industry and relevant stakeholders through the organisation of regular workshops<\/li>\n<li>Contributing to a digital platform containing information on drone incidents.<\/li>\n<li>Implementing a harmonised testing methodology for counter-drone systems, building upon the groundwork laid in the COURAGEOUS project<\/li>\n<li>Perform a mapping study to identify regulatory needs as an input to drive policies<\/li>\n<li>Conducting performance tests following the COURAGEOUS protocols of C-UAS systems<\/li>\n<li>Indexing and leveraging existing counter-drone training modules<\/li>\n<li>Responsible information sharing to EU LEAs via the CIRCABC portal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-531021 kc_col-sm-3 kc_column kc_col-sm-3\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-812969 kc-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t<i class=\"fa-euro-sign\"><\/i>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-316877 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">European Commission<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eda.europa.eu\/what-we-do\/activities\/activities-search\/pilot-project-and-preparatory-action-for-defence-research\">I<\/a>nternal Security Fund<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-style: inherit;\">2025 &#8211; 2028<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">3 M\u20ac<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-697274 kc_shortcode kc_single_image\">\n\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/eu_flag.jpg\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" \/>    <\/div>\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-653001\" style=\"height: 20px; clear: both; width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-382304 kc-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t<i class=\"ion-android-people\"><\/i>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-801882 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a style=\"font-style: inherit;\" href=\"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/people\/daniela-doroftei\/\">Daniela Doroftei<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/people\/geert-de-cubber\/\">Geert De Cubber<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Xavier Depreytere<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-117051\" style=\"height: 20px; clear: both; width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-885061 kc-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t<i class=\"ion-ios-world-outline\"><\/i>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-879787 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/projectcourageous2.com\/\">Project COURAGEOUS 2<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-440515 kc_row\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-763156 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-539217\" style=\"height: 20px; clear: both; width:100%;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-472103 kc_row\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-664296 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\">\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-342878 kc-title-wrap \">\n\n\t<h4 class=\"kc_title\">Project Publications<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-486048 kc_text_block\"><\/p>\n<p><h3 class=\"papercite\">2025<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"papercite_bibliography\">\n<li>    C. Sillero Illanes, T. Rogalski, G. De Cubber, and M. Kowalik, &#8220;Case Study of the Drone Ecosystem of Podkarpackie (Poland),\" , iss. KJ-01-25-618-EN-N, 2025.    <br \/>   <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"papercite_0\" class=\"papercite_toggle\">[BibTeX]<\/a>      <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"papercite_abstract_0\" class=\"papercite_toggle\">[Abstract]<\/a>         <a href=\"https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/bitstream\/JRC143402\/JRC143402_01.pdf\" title='Download PDF' class='papercite_pdf'>[Download PDF]<\/a>         <a href='http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2760\/26795' class='papercite_doi' title='View on publisher site'>[DOI]<\/a><br \/>\n<blockquote class=\"papercite_bibtex\" id=\"papercite_abstract_0_block\">\n<p>This report presents the findings of a review of the Podkarpackie aerial drone and robotics ecosystem, conducted between March 2024 and November 2025 in partnership with the Regional Government of Podkarpackie. The study forms part of REGDUALOSA (Regions, Dual Use, Open Strategic Autonomy), an exploratory initiative of the European Commission\u2019s Joint Research Centre (JRC). It examines policy pathways through which Podkarpackie could strengthen its aerial drone sector as a dual-use industry, thereby enhancing regional competitiveness and contributing to European strategic autonomy. The analysis applies an adapted version of the POINT methodology, combining desk research, expert interviews, and stakeholder consultations. Amid increasing geopolitical instability, the European Commission announced the European Drone Defence Initiative in October 2025, aimed at protecting EU borders and reinforcing defence capabilities under the ReArm Europe initiative, which mobilises up to \u20ac800 billion. Bordering Ukraine and hosting a well-established aerospace cluster, Podkarpackie is strategically positioned to advance dual-use innovation. Based on the evidence gathered, the report formulates twelve strategic recommendations to improve governance, funding coordination, SME participation, and skills development. It also introduces the concept of Territorial Preparedness as an innovation policy framework that positions regional ecosystems at the forefront of Europe\u2019s resilience, industrial sovereignty, and long-term security.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"papercite_bibtex\" id=\"papercite_0_block\">\n<pre><code class=\"tex bibtex\">@article{JRC143402,\nnumber = {KJ-01-25-618-EN-N },\naddress = {Luxembourg (Luxembourg)},\nissn = {1831-9424 },\nyear = {2025},\nauthor = {Sillero Illanes, C. and Rogalski, T. and De Cubber, G. and Kowalik, M.},\nisbn = {978-92-68-34794-2 },\npublisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},\nabstract = {This report presents the findings of a review of the Podkarpackie aerial drone and robotics ecosystem, conducted between March 2024 and November 2025 in partnership with the Regional Government of Podkarpackie. The study forms part of REGDUALOSA (Regions, Dual Use, Open Strategic Autonomy), an exploratory initiative of the European Commission\u2019s Joint Research Centre (JRC). It examines policy pathways through which Podkarpackie could strengthen its aerial drone sector as a dual-use industry, thereby enhancing regional competitiveness and contributing to European strategic autonomy. The analysis applies an adapted version of the POINT methodology, combining desk research, expert interviews, and stakeholder consultations. Amid increasing geopolitical instability, the European Commission announced the European Drone Defence Initiative in October 2025, aimed at protecting EU borders and reinforcing defence capabilities under the ReArm Europe initiative, which mobilises up to \u20ac800 billion. Bordering Ukraine and hosting a well-established aerospace cluster, Podkarpackie is strategically positioned to advance dual-use innovation. Based on the evidence gathered, the report formulates twelve strategic recommendations to improve governance, funding coordination, SME participation, and skills development. It also introduces the concept of Territorial Preparedness as an innovation policy framework that positions regional ecosystems at the forefront of Europe\u2019s resilience, industrial sovereignty, and long-term security.},\ntitle = {Case Study of the Drone Ecosystem of Podkarpackie (Poland)},\nurl = {https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/bitstream\/JRC143402\/JRC143402_01.pdf},\ndoi = {10.2760\/26795},\nunit= {meca-ras},\nproject= {COURAGEOUS, COURAGEOUS2, ORIGAMI}\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>    G. De Cubber and D. Doroftei, &#8220;Resource Optimisation for Distributed Teams of Manned Aircraft and Drones,\" in <span style=\"font-style: italic\">2025 11th International Conference on Control, Automation and Robotics, ICCAR 2025<\/span>,  2025, p. 554\u2013559.    <br \/>   <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"papercite_1\" class=\"papercite_toggle\">[BibTeX]<\/a>      <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"papercite_abstract_1\" class=\"papercite_toggle\">[Abstract]<\/a>         <a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11072934\" title='Download PDF' class='papercite_pdf'>[Download PDF]<\/a>         <a href='http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCAR64901.2025.11072934' class='papercite_doi' title='View on publisher site'>[DOI]<\/a><br \/>\n<blockquote class=\"papercite_bibtex\" id=\"papercite_abstract_1_block\">\n<p>With the significant increase in onboard computing capabilities, modern aerial robotic systems, can execute a broad range of perception and control algorithms simultaneously. Moreover, more and more, they are also deployed as heterogeneous collaborative teams, where manned and unmanned assets need to collaborate in a manned-unmanned teaming concept. This introduces the challenge of determining the optimal distribution of cognitive processes across aerial platforms, edge computing nodes, and cloud-based services. In this paper, we propose a novel load distribution methodology tailored to the aerial domain. The approach adopts a decentralized framework for allocating perception and control processes by evaluating communication parameters (e.g., bandwidth, latency, and cost), the computational capabilities of the drones and supporting infrastructure (including CPU, GPU, memory, and storage performance), and the real-time delivery requirements of high-quality output data. The proposed methodology is validated in a simulated environment, demonstrating promising performance and scalability in handling dynamic operational conditions.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"papercite_bibtex\" id=\"papercite_1_block\">\n<pre><code class=\"tex bibtex\">@inproceedings{182aea17e9984dd395cb61aeec26ce48,\ntitle = \"Resource Optimisation for Distributed Teams of Manned Aircraft and Drones\",\nabstract = \"With the significant increase in onboard computing capabilities, modern aerial robotic systems, can execute a broad range of perception and control algorithms simultaneously. Moreover, more and more, they are also deployed as heterogeneous collaborative teams, where manned and unmanned assets need to collaborate in a manned-unmanned teaming concept. This introduces the challenge of determining the optimal distribution of cognitive processes across aerial platforms, edge computing nodes, and cloud-based services. In this paper, we propose a novel load distribution methodology tailored to the aerial domain. The approach adopts a decentralized framework for allocating perception and control processes by evaluating communication parameters (e.g., bandwidth, latency, and cost), the computational capabilities of the drones and supporting infrastructure (including CPU, GPU, memory, and storage performance), and the real-time delivery requirements of high-quality output data. The proposed methodology is validated in a simulated environment, demonstrating promising performance and scalability in handling dynamic operational conditions.\",\nkeywords = \"drones, mannedunmanned teaming, resource optimisation\",\nauthor = \"De Cubber, Geert and Doroftei, Daniela\",\nnote = \"Publisher Copyright: {textcopyright} 2025 IEEE.; 11th International Conference on Control, Automation and Robotics, ICCAR 2025 ; Conference date: 18-04-2025 Through 20-04-2025\",\nyear = \"2025\",\ndoi = \"10.1109\/ICCAR64901.2025.11072934\",\nlanguage = \"English\",\npages = \"554--559\",\nbooktitle = \"2025 11th International Conference on Control, Automation and Robotics, ICCAR 2025\",\npublisher = \"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.\",\nedition = \"2025\",\nurl = \"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11072934\",\nunit= meca-ras,\nproject= {COURAGEOUS2,HADRON,ALPHONSE}\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"kc-elm kc-css-495299 kc_row\"><div class=\"kc-row-container  kc-container\"><div class=\"kc-wrap-columns\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-260604 kc_col-sm-12 kc_column kc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"kc-col-container\"><div class=\"kc-elm kc-css-113566\" style=\"height: 20px; clear: both; width:100%;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5118,"parent":2797,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5114","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5114","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5114"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5114\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5408,"href":"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5114\/revisions\/5408"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2797"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5118"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecatron.rma.ac.be\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}